Arithmetic Properties of Fractal Estimates
نویسندگان
چکیده
The ideas of Benôıt Mandelbrot, about the geometrical properties of sets which he called fractal, was published as late as 1975. Since then, there have for fractals, and most commonly the estimation of the fractal dimension, been found uses in the most diverse applications. Fractal geometry has been used in information theory, economics, flow dynamics and image analysis, among many different areas. This thesis investigates how the estimated fractal properties of sets and measures are affected by arithmetic operations on the fractal set. Operations such as projection, union, intersection and product are investigated. A literature study was conducted to see how the fractal dimension should be affected by the above operations. These theoretical results have then been compared to empirical simulations to see how the estimation of the fractal dimension is affected by such operations. In the 1990’s, the multifractal geometry emerged and started to be used more and more in the areas where the fractal dimension was used previously. In this thesis, two different, but equivalent ways to estimate multifractal properties have been investigated. These are the generalized dimensions and the multifractal coarse theory. Simulations have been made to see how the multifractal properties are change by projections. The results are positive. The theoretical results which are presented here are almost unanimously confirmed by the empirical investigations. Aritmetiska egenskaper hos fraktala estimat Sammanfattning S̊a sent som 1975 publicerades Benôıt Mandelbrots idéer om de geometriska egenskaper hos mängder som han kallade fraktala. Alltsedan dess har det för fraktaler, och d̊a främst för skattningar av den fraktala dimensionen, funnits användningsomr̊aden i de mest skilda tillämpningar. Bl.a. har fraktalgeometri använts i informationsteori, ekonomi, flödesdynamik och bildanalys. Detta examensarbete undersöker hur skattade fraktala egenskaper hos mängder och mått p̊averkas av aritmetiska operationer p̊a den fraktala mängden. Operationer som undersöks är bl.a. projektion, union, snitt och produkt. En litteraturstudie har genomförts för att se hur den fraktala dimensionen bör p̊averkas av ovanst̊aende operationer. Dessa teoretiska resultat har sedan jämförts med empiriska undersökningar för att se hur skattningen av den fraktala dimensionen p̊averkas av de olika operationerna. Under 90-talet började multifraktal geometri, främst med s.k. multifraktala spektran, användas i större utsträckning inom de omr̊aden där den fraktala dimensionen använts tidigare. I detta examensarbete har tv̊a olika sätt att skatta det multifraktala spektrat undersökts, baserat p̊a de generella dimensionerna och den multifraktala coarse theory. Undersökningar har här genomförst för att se hur det multifraktala spektrat p̊averkas av projektioner. Resultaten är mycket positiva. De teoretiska resultat som här presenteras bekräftas nästan genomg̊aende av de genomförda empiriska undersökningarna.
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